Sunday, August 23, 2020

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 19

Report - Essay Example ? â â â â â Citizen Watchdog Coordinatorâ â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â InterNews                                                                                                     Eipalei@INTERNEWS.ORG The report’s substance incorporate; chapter by chapter guide, official synopsis, report content, presentation, venture proclamation, and strategies utilized discoveries, examination, end and plan (reference, supplements) make sure to take a gander at the suggestions with the goal that you make the vital strides as we concurred during our last center gathering conversation. Between news’â liberated and Fair Media program centers around political decision related issues in Kenya as well as the whole landmass of Africa by breaking down its media inclusion of developing and delicate issues (Stifftung , 2012). The program is planned for checking different radio broadcasts in the nation to learn their inclusion of the electioneering time frame that is; Pre-political decision period, Election Campaign period, Polling Day and the Results declaring day. This observing undertaking includes checking hazardous discourse in the media and the job of the media in advancing harmony and strife alleviation. There are various media subjects being secured including, including sexual orientation, hazardous discourse, issue based inclusion, decency and parity. The report investigates the difficulties that the radio broadcast confronted and suggestions that when actualized could improve the circumstance. The report likewise records the discoveries by the media screens in the period first January †ninth March 2013. All instances of loathe discourse that were accounted for were autonomously checked. The geological extent of the substance secured was basically national. This study demonstrates that in a large portion of the projects observed, it is male

Friday, August 21, 2020

History of Belize :: Essays Papers

History of Belize Mayan human advancement thrived in what is presently called Belize somewhere in the range of 300 and 600 AD, yet had crumpled around 900 AD. When the Spanish showed up in the mid sixteenth century there were hardly any Mayans left, and their structures had just become ruins. Despite the fact that the Spanish pioneers laid case over the zone, the primary perpetual European settlement was set up by wrecked English sailors in 1638. The English settlers’ assaulted Spanish boats while Spain fought back with rehashed assaults on the pioneers, yet in 1763 Spain conceded the British settlements the option to start logging. English heads represented the region from 1786 which caused a fracture among Spain and Britain. Britain prevailed upon control the land at the Battle of St. George’s Caye in 1798, and with the Treaty of Amiens of 1802, Spain perceived British sway. English law started to maintain starting at 1840 and the zone was in the long run pronounced a crown state in 18 62 known as British Honduras. The United Kingdom’s fundamental enthusiasm for Belize was absolutely monetary. In the mid seventeenth century the African Slave Trade was presented as a wellspring of work for ranger service which kept on being the principle endeavor until it was in the long run displaced by sugar. In spite of the fact that servitude in the British settlements was canceled logically somewhere in the range of 1833 and 1838, numerous early outsiders originated from the West Indies. The main way England had the option to cultivate British Honduras was by delivery monstrous measures of migrants to the nation so as to be a piece of the common laborers. England’s financial interests in British Honduras pushed for a huge blended settler populace, which wound up permitting the zone to get populated by numerous interracial youngsters. In spite of the fact that there were not many British pilgrims that remained on the island, interracial blending started to create because of the huge populace of Africans that came over as slaves and with a couple of unique Amerindian or Mayan occupants. Individuals of what is presently known as Belize can be alluded to by various ethnicities known as; Mestizos (blend of Mayan and European plummet) and Garifuna or ‘Black Caribs’ (blend of Amerindian and African blood), and Creole (blend of white and dark), yet the most overwhelming race that remaining parts since the seventeenth century up till today are Black.

Monday, July 6, 2020

Letter to the Editor Essay - 825 Words

Letter to the Editor (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: To: The New York TimesDear Editor,The greatest concern that Long Island is still facing in the 21st century, the century of advanced technologies and high - tech development is the water quality. The place is getting the water entirely from underground aquifers and these aquifers contain harmful substances. It is one of the places where people have recognized water quality problem. Fresh and clean drinking water is a major problem here and is a threat to the lives of the people. The chemicals from farms, pesticides, herbicides are increasing the amount of contaminated water underground every day. In the past years contamination of nitrogen alone has increased upto 200%.To begin with, as the population of Long island has increased in the last twenty years, so does the demand for water and a number of people are not provided with clean and sufficient amount of water. Due to the increase in population the use of land also increases and so does farming. Water is an essent ial part of our lives and in case of polluted water life becomes too difficult. Furthermore, the condition has worsened due to the improper sewage systems. Due to high amount of bacteria in water, people here face life threatening issues. Government needs to take notice of this situation and should assess it.Long island is one of the highly populated counties in New York City. The people here suffer the most from bad quality water and face immense shortage of water due to polluted water. All of the water that comes to Long Island is supplied from the underground aquifers. The water in the aquifers is collected in the form of ice form glaciers and rain. This underground water is supplied to the people by electrically driven wells. Due to advancement in production of crops new pesticides and herbicides are used by the farmers, fuels are used in the vehicles to travel, chemicals are more in use in households, all of these are now affecting the water in the aquifers too. According to executive director of Citizenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Campaign for the Environment, Adrienne Esposito people of Long Island are unaware that their regular water supply from ground water is linked with the external water supply. According to a Management Plan there is an immense amount of nitrogen found in ground water in Long Island. The places from where Long Island gets its water supply are completely damaged. The natural resources are very few here. Due to increased industrial activities several harmful substances and toxic wastes are now added to the water. There are several agencies that are responsible for the polluted water due to improper sewage systems. The solution government provided was to supply water from artisen basins. However, these artisen basins are worn out due to continuous usage. There should be more challenging solutions to this problem as compared to the previous one.Thus, it is important for the government to ensure clean, safe and sufficient supply of water to the res idents as most of the deaths occur due to diseases spread by polluted water. One more important step taken by the government was to change for the misuse or inappropriate usage of water. This rule promoted water consumption. However, taxes charged were not consumed to repair the basins or not used for the same purpose. Moreover, the causes of bad water quality are the unequal supply of water. The central business areas get sufficient fresh water supply of water whereas, the rest of other people get water from other resources which are mostly polluted. The water these people get is not pure. Therefore, people have to purchase expensive fresh water. Techniques to reduce water pollution to supply quality water to the residents of Long Island should be applied by the government.Hence, it is important to ensure proper and clean water supply and improper water sewage systems. The damaged artisen basins are the major problems of Long Island. The water is not clean and hygienic and contain s many serious infectious diseases. People over here with less income residential areas are unable to buy expensive water.Nevertheless, Long Island need to have proper water management agency that creates a management plan for the adequate water supply and to m... Letter to the Editor Essay - 825 Words Letter to the Editor (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: To: The New York TimesDear Editor,The greatest concern that Long Island is still facing in the 21st century, the century of advanced technologies and high - tech development is the water quality. The place is getting the water entirely from underground aquifers and these aquifers contain harmful substances. It is one of the places where people have recognized water quality problem. Fresh and clean drinking water is a major problem here and is a threat to the lives of the people. The chemicals from farms, pesticides, herbicides are increasing the amount of contaminated water underground every day. In the past years contamination of nitrogen alone has increased upto 200%.To begin with, as the population of Long island has increased in the last twenty years, so does the demand for water and a number of people are not provided with clean and sufficient amount of water. Due to the increase in population the use of land also increases and so does farming. Water is an essent ial part of our lives and in case of polluted water life becomes too difficult. Furthermore, the condition has worsened due to the improper sewage systems. Due to high amount of bacteria in water, people here face life threatening issues. Government needs to take notice of this situation and should assess it.Long island is one of the highly populated counties in New York City. The people here suffer the most from bad quality water and face immense shortage of water due to polluted water. All of the water that comes to Long Island is supplied from the underground aquifers. The water in the aquifers is collected in the form of ice form glaciers and rain. This underground water is supplied to the people by electrically driven wells. Due to advancement in production of crops new pesticides and herbicides are used by the farmers, fuels are used in the vehicles to travel, chemicals are more in use in households, all of these are now affecting the water in the aquifers too. According to executive director of Citizenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Campaign for the Environment, Adrienne Esposito people of Long Island are unaware that their regular water supply from ground water is linked with the external water supply. According to a Management Plan there is an immense amount of nitrogen found in ground water in Long Island. The places from where Long Island gets its water supply are completely damaged. The natural resources are very few here. Due to increased industrial activities several harmful substances and toxic wastes are now added to the water. There are several agencies that are responsible for the polluted water due to improper sewage systems. The solution government provided was to supply water from artisen basins. However, these artisen basins are worn out due to continuous usage. There should be more challenging solutions to this problem as compared to the previous one.Thus, it is important for the government to ensure clean, safe and sufficient supply of water to the res idents as most of the deaths occur due to diseases spread by polluted water. One more important step taken by the government was to change for the misuse or inappropriate usage of water. This rule promoted water consumption. However, taxes charged were not consumed to repair the basins or not used for the same purpose. Moreover, the causes of bad water quality are the unequal supply of water. The central business areas get sufficient fresh water supply of water whereas, the rest of other people get water from other resources which are mostly polluted. The water these people get is not pure. Therefore, people have to purchase expensive fresh water. Techniques to reduce water pollution to supply quality water to the residents of Long Island should be applied by the government.Hence, it is important to ensure proper and clean water supply and improper water sewage systems. The damaged artisen basins are the major problems of Long Island. The water is not clean and hygienic and contain s many serious infectious diseases. People over here with less income residential areas are unable to buy expensive water.Nevertheless, Long Island need to have proper water management agency that creates a management plan for the adequate water supply and to m...

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Musically Inspired Movements Essays - 778 Words

From infancy to adulthood, music has been a huge part of our lives. Whether one is listening to their favorite song in the car or out at a social event, music not only is very entertaining, but possesses the ability to influence specific behaviors in an individual. With music, various emotions are triggered using schema’s and person-level and context-level construct’s. Schema’s are like a folder in a document that collects and combines a host of day-to-day interactions in the everyday life of an individual. For example, think about every time you have attended a birthday party. By attending multiple birthday parties, you then have a â€Å"schema† of what to expect and not to expect at a birthday party. This concept is also applied to music. Our†¦show more content†¦Michael Jackson hoped that society would be aware about the mismanagement of the Earth. As a result, the â€Å"Earth Song† was given much attention. This musical piece was able t o change many people’s perspective towards the Earth as the song raised awareness around the world just as Michael hoped for. However, when hearing his musical piece, individual’s reacted differently between one another (Barret et al, 2010). While many people finally became aware of how mistreated the world we live in is, not everyone was touched on an emotional aspect due to person-level constructs (Barret et al, 2010). However, even until this day, the â€Å"Earth Song† will remain relevant until the world is healed of our mismanagement. Also during the late 1990’s, another movement was starting to begin in the Hip-Hop industry between two prominent stars, Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G, also known as Biggie Smalls. Both were the biggest names in Hip-Hop. The rivalry split between the East Coast, led by Biggie Smalls and Bad Boy Records and the West Coast represented by Tupac and Death Row Records. Although the focal point between this feud was betwee n the two Hip-Hop stars, the behavior of fans altered as they too were getting involved by choosing between the two sides. Nonetheless, both Tupac and Biggie lived a short life. Yet, the deaths of both Tupac and Biggie gave the real world of Hip-Hop pathos. After their deaths, both musicians emerged as one of Hip-Hop’s greatest icons. Due toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of With The Planets, Op 32, By Gustav Holst892 Words   |  4 PagesGustav Holst incorporates a wide array of cultural and scientific references to create musical characters for each of the planets in our solar system. The scientific connection is immediately clear simply by looking at how Holst chose to order the movements. While he does not specifically place the planets in order of distance from the sun, they still follow a pattern that clearly references their positions in space. Mars, Venus, and Mercury open the suite, being numbers 3, 2, and 1 from the sun (neglectingRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethov en1739 Words   |  7 Pagesneeded in order to create texture and depth. Beethoven is believed to be purely a classical composer. However, to the contrary he can also be considered purely romantic. His compositions consisted of a form that was never heard before and in turn inspired future artists to copy him. This form was believed to have created the basis for music during the Romantic Era. Ludwig Van Beethoven’s ability to break compositional boundaries, ultimately created an everlasting sound because the forms and styleRead MoreThe As A Form Of Influence On European Art988 Words   |  4 Pagesrespectful use and understanding of gamelan-style music. Claude Debussy, one of the most influential French composers of the late nineteenth century, fought against traditional musical standards. Inspired by non-European music, he wrote Estampes, a piano piece which contains 3 movements. The first movement, Pagodes, imitates gamelan scale through the use of multilayered textures. With these layers of meaning, Debussy is able to â€Å"engage more substantively with other traditions in order to expand andRead MoreClassical Music s Influence On The Beatles1345 Words   |  6 Pagesmusic in each case. The first song I have chosen is the song Blackbird. McCartney has claimed that the music was inspired by Bach s Bouree in E minor, of which he and George Harrison had learned to play at a young age. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrxZhWCAuQw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APNI2CC0k6Alist=RDAPNI2CC0k6Aindex=1 Blackbird - Bouree In E Minor (Bach) Musically, the songs at first glance aren’t that similar, for example the song Blackbird is majoritively in a major key, whereasRead MoreJesus Made Today By Stephen J. Nicholas1359 Words   |  6 Pagesmake sense that they would start to make that a main topic in the music of that time. Hippies usually referred to themselves as the Jesus People (named by Duane Pederson who was one of the leaders in Los Angeles) which led to this movement called the Jesus Movement. They claimed to not be a part of the hippie culture that they were born out of nor were they a part of the fundamental church. This caught the attention of several media outlets which drew more people do the Jesus Peoples welcomingRead MoreAll of my work will be focused on songs underlining each analysis or historical fact. In addition,700 Words   |  3 Pages(album) by The Clash, showing that this was a turning point that marked the end of punk. I) Creation of punk GARAGE ROCK Rocknroll emerged in the mid-50s, in the United States. Early 1960s: the vision of adults about this new style blocks the movement very quickly. Then the majors wanted to replace rock by twist and surf music. English bands like The Animals, The Beatles, The Kinks and The Rolling Stones, influenced by the blues appeared. In the U.S.: Because of the British Invasion, newRead MoreEssay on Music in the Sixties1140 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant effect on some of the music that was produced. I believe that certain music and musical events derived from peoples feelings and views on things that occurred during the 60’s. Some of these events include the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, politics, and society as a whole. There were many different stereotypes and prejudices. There was war going on, and there were many people who were trying to focus on peace. My main goal is to show how these events may have influenced people’s musicRead MoreEssay on Gustav Holst1432 Words   |  6 Pageswife, Isobel, and a daughter, Imogen. Holsts most famous work, The Planets, is a seven-movement orchestral suite. Each movement represents a different planet in our solar system. Since The Planets is a work based on astrology, the Earth is ignored in the movements. It should also be noted that this piece was also written before Pluto was discovered, thus it only contains seven movements. The first movement, Mars, the Bringer of War emphasizes bass and low brass using an unusual 5/4 rhythm. Read More William Wordsworth’s The Daffodils compared to Miracle on St Davids Day1147 Words   |  5 Pagesvery contrasting poems, William Wordsworth’s `The Daffodils which was written in pre 1900s and Gillian Clarke’s ‘Miracle on St Davids Day’, written in the 20th century. Strangely enough Gillian Clarke’s ‘Miracle on St Davids day’ was actually inspired by ‘The Daffodils’. In 1804 William Wordsworth wrote ‘a masterpiece’, two years after his experience with the daffodils, while the poem â€Å"Miracle on St. David’s Day† was written by Gillian Clarke around 1980, one hundred and seventy-six years laterRead MoreComparing The Daffodils by William Wordsworth and Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke927 Words   |  4 Pagescontrasting poems, William Wordsworth’s `The Daffodils which was written in pre 1900s and Gillian Clarke’s ‘Miracle on St Davids Day’, written in the 20th century. Strangely enough Gillian Clarke’s ‘Miracle on St Davids day’ was actually inspired by ‘The Daffodils’. In 1804 William Wordsworth wrote ‘a masterpiece’, two years after his experience with the daffodils, while the poem â€Å"Miracle on St. David’s Day† was written by Gillian Clarke around 1980, one hundred and seventy-six

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Middle Ages Sir Gawain And The Green Knight

â€Å"The Middle Ages designates the time span roughly from the collapse of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance and Reformation† (â€Å"The Middle Ages†). Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written in the thirteenth and fourteenth century, along with Morte D’Arthur. Both medieval epics exemplify bravery and courage as their themes. â€Å"The only universal European institution during the Medieval Era was the Catholic Church which had all the local power within the local bishops† (Sagona). The church saw itself as the only spiritual place of Christian believers, thus it had a large amount of influence on Medieval people, including knights. Christian roles and the act of chivalry played a part in becoming a knight in the Medieval Era that can be seen in†¦show more content†¦To be a knight, his fitness level had to be exceptional enough to last through a long, intense battle. Knights had to face a variety of challenges and were expected to handle th em as any knight would. For example, some battles would last long periods of times, so these knights were expected to handle different weather changes, tiredness, and hungriness. The most important qualification that a knight had to have was modeling bravery due to the extreme battles that would be fought. Through these long battles, knights had to stay positive and not give up for what they are fighting for. â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, perhaps the most perfectly wrought of all medieval English romances, has called forth a wealth of scholarly commentary, in regard to its main symbol, the Pentangle† (Beauregard). Christianity is evident in this epic poem. â€Å"Some knights in the Medieval Era would carry a shield symbolizing bravery and battle; Sir Gawain is symbolized by the Pentangle that shows his morals† (Beauregard). The pentangle symbolizes the virtues to which Gawain aspires: to possess brotherly love, courtesy, piety, and chastity, â€Å"First he wa s deemed flawless in his five senses;/ secondly his five fingers that were never at fault;/ thirdly the five wounds Christ received on the cross/†¦The fifth set of five which I heard the knight followed / including friendship and fraternity/, purity and politeness that impressed at all times/, and pity whichShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1200 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen expressed and implemented through the depiction of the heroes’ experiences on their journeys and the knowledge they gain by the quest’s end. For example, in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, a chivalric romance written in the Late Middle Ages, Gawain epitomizes a knight with the characteristics that knights from the Late Middle Ages were expected to possess according to the requirements outlined in the rules of chivalry, such as honor and valor. Likewise, Beowulf, the hero of the folk epic BeowulfRead MoreThe Cultural Values And The Archetypal Patterns Of The Nove l Hero With A Thousand Faces 1331 Words   |  6 PagesAs the heroes make their way through the journey, the reader learns the culture through the character’s actions and mistakes. For instance, in the early Middle Ages, women were seen as inferior and were not put on a pedestal, unlike their deception during the Late Middle Ages after the advent of chivalry and courtly love. On that note, Sir Gawain and Beowulf both reflect the cultural values and the archetypal patterns found in Joseph Campbell’s Hero with a Thousand Faces which are expressed throughoutRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green1627 Words   |  7 Pages11/25/14 Sir Gawain and the Girdle In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain is presented a green girdle by Lady Bertilak after their sexual encounter (1830-1835). There have been many differing opinions on what the girdle represents, but I believe the most pertinent symbol that the green girdle stands for is the temptation that Gawain faces several times throughout the story. The girdle not only stands for the temptations that Gawain faces, but ultimately shows the ignorance Gawain exhibits throughoutRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1218 Words   |  5 Pages The alliterative poem â€Å"Sir Gawain and The Green Knight† is a story of bravery, yet fearfulness of a young knight and his willingness to stand up out of respect for his king. This Middle Age poem, originated in the late fourteenth century by an unknown author called Gawain’s poet, follows the journey of King Arthur’s nephew, Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain is a knight for the royal court during the time and when the Green Knight questio ns the loyalty of King Arthur’s court, Gawain is the only person to standRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight, and One Thousand and One Nights1097 Words   |  4 Pageswork. â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† and â€Å"One Thousand and One Night† both are marvelous works. The similarities between these Arabian tales and Sir Gawain and the Green night are very striking. The scholar Edward L. Risden in his analysis of â€Å"One Thousand and One Nights,† mentioned â€Å"Sir Gawain and Green Knight† and some of the main subjects of both of these tales. After reading Norton’s â€Å"Sir Gawain and Green Knight† and Geraldine Mccaughrean’s â€Å"Arabian Nights,† I intend to show that â€Å"Sir GawainRead More Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essays847 Words   |  4 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight As with so many stories written in the Middle Ages Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is filled with wonders, magic and knightly pursuit of fame and nobility. It combines folklore and romance as does, according to The Norton Anthology, no other known work. The character of the Green Knight fascinates and amuses. Most people would not think of it as an Arthurian-time creature. The Green Man in fact, is a part of an ancient folklore where the beheading of a green manRead MoreImportance Of A Pentangle And Their Long Uses And The Past History Associated With It1534 Words   |  7 Pagesthis paper, my approach and analysis will be based on the pentangles meaning coming from the days of Solomon, who took the Jewish star and modified it in such a manner that the symbol began to be associated with the five virtues and, protection for knights and royalty. Pentangles began as crude drawings as diagrams that were found scratched into the walls of caves. From this point onward the assumption is, they began to have a belief encompassing some realm of spiritual significance but, the real meaningRead MoreSir Gawain and The Green Knight Essay1109 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a very interesting and stimulating narration, filled with mystical creatures and wonderful details, the author known as Gawain-poet did a wonderful job in portraying the characters throughout the story. During the story, The Green Knight challenges King Arthur to a game, which Sir Gawain accepts. Gawain participates in the game by chopping the head off of the green knight, who picks it up and leaves, Gawain is to meet the greenRead MoreSir Gawains Shield and the Green Night: A Semiotic Analysis1378 Words   |  6 PagesIn the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Sir Gawain must go on a quest to find the Green Knight from whom he accepted a challenge a year earlier. Because Gawain lives the chivalric code, he must keep his promise to the Green Knight and let him get one swing of the axe one year and a day after he swung the axe on him. Before leaving for this quest, Gawain was given amazing armor and a descriptive shield. This shield was more th an just a shield; it had a much greater meaning like many otherRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Chivalry Essay796 Words   |  4 PagesKnights and shining armor, is a modern day description of knights. These knights road on horseback, jousted, but more importantly, served by a code. This was a code dealing with chivalry, in which knights obeyed by. The article Nighthood and Chivalry, defines it by, â€Å"In modern English, chivalry means the ideals, virtues, or characteristics of knights,† (Velde). There is one specific knight who shows this code in the story, Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. The knight is Gawain, a noble and courageous

Supply Chain Management Income Distribution

Question: Describe about the Report for Supply Chain Management of Income Distribution. Answer: Supply Chain Strategy with respect to Distribution Business Model Supply chain management is a broader part of the management system. Supply chain management is not only limited to the suppliers, but also includes the manufacturer, wholesalers and the distributors (Christopher, 2016). The supply chain management is not only responsible for managing the production of the company but at the same time it is responsible for managing the logistic network for the companies. It is also responsible for delivery of the goods to the customers. The supply chain of an organization includes five important steps. Among these five important steps, the second stage involves the transformation of the raw materials into finished products. This is probably the most important step. The third step involves shipping the finished products to the distributors. The fourth step involves the distribution of the products to the retail stores. Finally, the finished product is available to the consumers. The distribution business model includes not only the manufacturer but at the same time, it includes the distributor, wholesaler, job seekers and the brokers (Dosi, Fagiolo, Napoletano Roventini, 2013). The distribution business model is very complex in nature. The conventional or the traditional business model consists of three tiers or levels. The three levels or the tiers include the producers or the manufacturer at the first level, the wholesaler at the second level and finally the retailer is there at the third level. The companies strive for improving the supply chain operations, thereby increasing the competitive advantages of the company. The supply chain strategy should be revised after taking into consideration the cost pressures, suppliers and the technological developments. The different supply chain strategies include- manufacturing strategy, distribution strategy, centralisation or decentralisation, single or multiple sourcing, design of supply chain, design of the product and others. The traditional supply chain as well as the distribution model has gone through lot of changes. The older distribution business models were not that good because each party would try to use it for their own benefits (Rushton, Croucher Baker, 2014). Therefore, most of the time, the things failed to work out in a profitable way for the manufacturers, companies, suppliers or the customers. In the recent days, supply chain management has become more complicated. It is different from the traditional business models. The current supply chain models are useful for the modern day organization, although several authors believe that the use of the internet by the consumers or the end users have muddied the recent models as well. The fact is true; however there are few researchers who believe that this is not the case. According to few researchers of the present day, the distribution business models and the supply chain could work very well, if the organizations have a strong foundation. The e fficient and the right use of technology would actually support both the business distribution model and the supply chain management of the organization. Moreover, the supply chain management today could use software for fulfilling various purposes. The purposes include, projecting, planning and at the same time, it includes the implementation of the chain of the distribution as well. (Figure 1: The Supply Chain and the Distributor Model followed in most Companies) (Source : ("E-Waste Management At Redington", 2016) References Christopher, M. (2016). Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Dosi, G., Fagiolo, G., Napoletano, M., Roventini, A. (2013). Income distribution, credit and fiscal policies in an agent-based Keynesian model. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 37(8), 1598-1625. E-Waste Management At Redington. (2016). Redingtonindia.com. Retrieved 31 July 2016, from Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2014). The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers.

Tuesday, April 21, 2020

Wheel Invention Essay Example For Students

Wheel Invention Essay The invention of the wheel was a miraculous invention, along with the airplane,and the telephone. All the inventions that have ever been created werent justsomething that was already drawn out on a piece of paper for the inventors. Theyhad to think. They had to imagine the masterpiece before it was even a physicalobject. These people werent just thinkers or inventors. These peopleThought Outside the Box. The writer Sarah Susanka, the author of TheNot So Big House, once said that The ability to think creatively,responding to needs and wishes, not to preconceived ideas of what somethingshould look like, then the problem will be solved. What I think shemeans by this is if you are going to make something or do something for thepeople of the world, dont assume or pretend you know what they want. Go out,ask them, figure it out and then when you have completed the finished product itwill be successful. Many people who try to invent something are not successfulbecause they are afraid to bre ak the confines of the outline. What I mean bythis is that the people are so accustomed to thinking like everybody else, theyare afraid to explore the possibilities of their mind. They cant picturesomething that already isnt there. Often a person will see something that wasinvented and wonder why they never thought of something so simple. The answer isvery uncomplicated they didnt break the confines of the out line. We will write a custom essay on Wheel Invention specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Normally, when people do a puzzle, they will have to think about the answers,sort of like a maze. If what they first try doesnt work then they have to tryanother direction to see if something else will work. Those people, even thoughthey dont know it have just thought outside the box. They have decided thatrather than quitting, they are going to keep trying, and see if they can findanother way to do it. Even though the answer was right in front of them, theystill had to think and look for it. One great thinker is Werner Heisenberg. Heinvented Matrix mechanics. It was the first version of quantum mechanics. He didnt invent the concepts of matrix algebra; however, focused attention ona set of quantised probability amplitudes. The matrix mechanics wasfurther developed in a three-author paper by Heisenberg, Born and Jordan,published in 1926. Heisenberg published The Physical Principles of QuantumTheory in 1928. In 1932 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for this work. Although he was awarded the Nobel for his matrix mechanics, he was much betterknown for his Uncertainty Principle that he discovered in 1927. Heisenberg wasquoted in 1969 as saying the following about the Slovay Conference in Brusselsthat he attended in 1927 : To those of us who participated in the developmentof atomic theory, the five years following the Slovay Conference in Brussels in1927 looked so wonderful that we often spoke of them as the golden of age ofatomic physics. The great obstacles that had occupied all our efforts in thepreceding years had been cleared out of the way; the gate to an entirely newfield, the quantum mechanics of the atomic shells stood wide open, and freshfruits seemed ready for the picking. Around the year 1925 Heisenberg wasworking on a new description of matter. His ruminations led him to assert a newprinciple that has become a Hallmark of quantum theory. This descriptionof matter is now known as matrix mechanics. It is the complete mathematicaltheory of the behaviour of atoms and their constituents. It is a very difficultfield to study, but with the help of Born and Jordan, the study was a success. .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 , .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 .postImageUrl , .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 , .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168:hover , .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168:visited , .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168:active { border:0!important; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168:active , .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168 .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2e7c0aa67a8f358c2426dc6f2dc32168:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Face Off: Rice vs Muscle EssayThe matrix mechanics is a part of mathematics known as the quantum mechanics. Sothe quantum ideas work. They are developed from the concept that matter iswave-like in its behaviour. The quantum mechanics remained mysterious until1927, when Heisenberg -following conversations with Bohr and Einstein ?discovered the uncertainty principle. Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principlesaid that it is impossible to find out exactly where an object is and how fastit is moving at the same time. If you were to try that process then you wouldhave to stop the object to see where it is at that speed, or at that point intime. This is fine but as soon as you stop it yo u no longer have to speed andmomentum to the object. There is no guarantee that you can just say that becausethe object was moving a certain speed that obviously it still will have the sameresults. This is because there are many things that can effect your result. Ifyou were to try to find out both of them at the same time all your informationwould become impossible to understand. Because of figuring out such aninformative theory Heisenberg has been awarded many time. He received thefollowing awards: The Nobel Prize in 1932, and the Follow of the Royal Societyin 1955. Another of Heisenbergs great moments in life was during the SecondWorld War. Here he headed the unsuccessful German nuclear weapons project. He worked with Otto Hahn, one of the discoverers of nuclear fission, on thedevelopment of a nuclear reactor but failed to develop an effective program fornuclear weapons. Whether this was because of lack of resources or a lack of adesire to put nuclear weapons in the hands of the Nazis is unclear. After thewar he was interned in Britain with other leading German scientists. However, hereturned to Germany in 1946 when he was appointed director of the Max Planckinstitute for physics and Astrophysics at G?ttingen. In 1958 the Institutemoved to Munich and Heisenberg continued as its director. This man was verytalented and had many other interests. Such as in the philosophy of physics, andbecause of this great interest he wrote Physics and Philosophy in 1962 andPhysics and Beyond in 1971. Virtually every person has ThoughtOutside the Box at one point in their lives or another . . . I can remember,about four years ago when my parents were re-modelling the upstairs, where mybedroom was loca ted. My father was trying to figure out some way to convertthree bedrooms into two, while keeping a nice square landing that is rightoutside the doors. Well with the way that the upstairs was shaped there was muchdifficulty. Finally one day, I was sick of seeing my father stressing out oversomething like that. So I took a pencil and a piece of paper and I drew theoutline of the upstairs. Then rather than drawing a straight line right acrossthe middle of where the bedrooms would be I drew a diagonal like that still leftspace for closets and when it angled down back towards the stairs (the wall). This allowed my dad to have the nice even square landing right out side thebedroom doors I was very proud of myself, and I now have the honour of sayingthat I designed my bedroom can you guess whos room was larger? I guesswhat I am trying to say is that all a person has to do is apply themselves andthey will have the ability to Think Outside the Box. It isnt somethingthat is extremely easy to do. It is like most things in a persons life, theymust practice and learn. Some people dont even realize it when they are doingit, which is great. But if only they could recognise this ability, apply it tosomething, and improve life for all!

Monday, March 16, 2020

Tiempo Permitido Fuera Estados Unidos para Residentes

Tiempo Permitido Fuera Estados Unidos para Residentes El tiempo que un residente permanente puede pasar fuera de los Estados Unidos sin afectar su estatus depende de varias circunstancias. Quienes cuentan con una green card deben residir en territorio de los Estados Unidos, de lo contrario se puede encontrar o bien con un rechazo de su solicitud de naturalizacià ³n, o bien con problemas para reingresar al paà ­s. Estos problemas afectan a quienes cuentan con una residencia en tarjeta de plstico, a quienes la tienen estampada en su pasaporte, a quienes tienen residencia condicional o quienes residen con visa de inversià ³n. Estos son algunos de los casos que hay que considerar: Si el residente pasa fuera de Estados Unidos menos de seis meses no deberà ­an existir problemas en los puntos de reingreso (frontera terrestre, inmigracià ³n en el aeropuerto o puerto marà ­timo) a menos que el oficial de inmigracià ³n tenga razones e informacià ³n  para creer que la persona no reside, de hecho, en el paà ­s. Un ejemplo es quien est por fuera cinco meses, regresa un dà ­a y vuelve a salir.Si el residente pasa ms de seis meses fuera de Estados Unidos pero menos de un aà ±o, puede pedir su readmisià ³n si cuenta con los documentos que demuestren que no pretendà ­a abandonar su estatus de residente: familia en Estados Unidos, impuestos al dà ­a, empleo o negocio, propiedades inmobiliarias en el paà ­s, cuentas bancarias, licencia de conduccià ³n valida, documentos que prueben las razones de su demora en regresar al paà ­s o un certificado de estudios en marcha.Si el residente pasa por fuera de Estados Unidos ms de un aà ±o pero menos de dos, debe pedir un permiso especial para reingresar antes de salir del paà ­s. El permiso es valido por dos aà ±os. En este caso el permiso se debe solicitar: cuando hay certeza de una estadà ­a fuera de Estados Unidos de hasta dos aà ±os, cuando hay advertencias escritas en el pasaporte por un oficial de inmigracià ³n respecto al estatus migratorio, o cuando el residente ha pasado por fuera de Estados Unidos seis meses en un aà ±o y planea estar fuera otros seis meses al aà ±o siguiente. Si el residente ha estado por fuera ms de un aà ±o y no tiene permiso para reingresar, debe comenzar desde ceros el proceso para obtener un nuevo permiso de residencia, ya que el que tiene no es valido. Esto quiere decir que se pierden las condiciones de residente permanente. En este caso se podrà ­a solicitar una visa SB-1en el consulado o embajada correspondiente antes del reingreso, pero las condiciones que se exigen para solicitar dicha visa son muy especà ­ficas y estrictas (varios documentos, affidavits que respalden la versià ³n de los hechos, exmenes mà ©dicos, impuestos al dà ­a, cuentas bancarias, familia en Estados Unidos).  ¿Cules Son Mis Opciones Si He Estado por Fuera Mucho Tiempo? Ante un residente con un estatus migratorio conflictivo el agente de aduana puede proponer varias posibilidades: Que el residente retire voluntariamente su intento de admisià ³n al paà ­s y regrese a su paà ­s de origen; esto no es una deportacià ³n ni expulsià ³n, sino un acto que el residente cumple ejerciendo plena libertad de eleccià ³n.Que el residente firme un documento en el que renuncie a su residencia. En este caso la persona no debe firmar ningà ºn papel que reconozca se ha abandonado el estatus de residente a menos que lo quiera hacer voluntariamente. Al negarse, el residente ser enviado a la corte y allà ­ podr explicar su caso delante de un juez. Que el residente obtenga un permiso (waiver) y pueda entrar con estatus de residente al paà ­s. Que el residente pueda reingresar con un notice to appear (aviso para comparecer). Aquà ­ deber presentarse en la corte de inmigracià ³n para un potencial proceso de deportacià ³n a menos que se pruebe con contundencia las razones de la ausencia. Excepciones Los siguientes residentes tienen ms libertad en sus viajes por fuera de Estados Unidos: Residentes permanentes legales cà ³nyuges de ciudadanos americanos quienes acompaà ±an a su familiar en otro paà ­s debido a un trabajo para el gobierno, o porque son miembros de una de las ramas del Ejà ©rcito de los Estados Unidos.Residentes permanentes legales hijos menores de 21 aà ±os de ciudadanos americanos que acompaà ±an a su familiar en otro paà ­s debido a un trabajo para el gobierno, o porque son miembros de una de las ramas del Ejà ©rcito de los Estados Unidos. En estos casos, dichos residentes deben reingresar al paà ­s junto con el ciudadano americano con el que estn relacionados. Recuerde Si en la aduana se topa con problemas sepa que usted: No esta obligado a firmar ningà ºn documento.No puede perder su tarjeta de residencia. Ningà ºn oficial puede retenerla, solo un juez de inmigracià ³n tiene ese poder. Si pretende solicitar la ciudadanà ­a sepa que usted: Debe pasar al menos la mitad del tiempo requerido (cinco o tres aà ±os) dentro del territorio de Estados Unidos.No debe haber estado por fuera de Estados Unidos ms de un aà ±o seguido. Esto se considera como una ruptura de su obligacià ³n de residir en el paà ­s. Debe contar con los documentos que validen una estadà ­a por fuera de Estados Unidos de ms de seis meses y menos de un aà ±o. Por à ºltimo, este test de respuestas mà ºltiples  sobre cà ³mo obtener y conservar la tarjeta de residencia puede ser una guà ­a adicional. Este es un artà ­culo informativo, y no pretende ser asesorà ­a legal.

Friday, February 28, 2020

Ethical-legal issues as an Advanced Practice Nurse Assignment

Ethical-legal issues as an Advanced Practice Nurse - Assignment Example Therefore, their liability and accountability levels are unmatchable with those of other nurse practitioners. Further, they act within their competence limits as well as their boundaries limits. Ethics, also referred to as moral laws are mainly concerned with fundamental principles distinguishing between right and wrong, defining what people ought to do. Ethics purposely inform our judgements, offering guidance to individual on making decisions on how to best act in any situation. Westrick & Dempski (2009) observe that accepted ethical theories, practices and frameworks offer guidance on how people ought to act in an ethical manner, and all binds advanced nurse practitioners. It is an expectation of the advanced practitioners to make their individual judgements about what they perceive as best for their individuals. While making any form of decisions, ethical theories and principles bind their actions. While ethics is broad and offer a brief summary of exactly how they purposively should undertake their actions, advanced nursing practitioners feel that their roles are ethically demanding from their very own nature. Law on the other hand is a system of rules governing a particular society with the main intention of upholding social order, justice system as well as preventing any form of either harm to individuals or public and private property. Law systems often base their principles on ethical or religious principles. It is the duty of the police as well as the criminal systems such as the courts of law to enforce law in a jurisdiction. Different laws govern the healthcare, which seek to protect the public from any harm from healthcare givers. Therefore, advanced nursing practitioners have to be more knowledgeable on the relevant legislations guiding their actions (Kelly & Tazbir,

Wednesday, February 12, 2020

Being a Stepmother Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Being a Stepmother - Essay Example In the year 2001, my husband was in the process of getting sole custody of his two daughters and thus, since I had gotten married to him recently, I was going to be a part of a ‘package deal’. Today those two children are like a blessing in my life, they have helped me a great deal in learning a lot of things about life and gaining experiences. Sometimes however, I do wish that I was their real mother because it is a tough task to watch these children grow up with a ‘friend’ rather than with a mother or a guiding light in the true sense. Despite these adversities however, being a stepmother is a very difficult thing to do and to accomplish this task over time is an even tougher aspect of life. It was extremely sad to know that their mother abandoned them because no child wants to grow up to question why their mother left them; these children still have a void in their life which I have been trying to fill every single day. In the beginning, it was difficult for me to converse with them knowing that I would have to be their mother for the rest of their life and that it was their choice whether or not to accept me as the same. It is not easy for young girls, especially ones whose dad was in the army and they had thus grown up against the backdrop of a hard life, to be able to accept someone into their hearts so easily. Knowing this, I plunged into the situation trying to become their friend rather than their mother because I knew that the only way I could teach them and help them along their journey of life was by letting them know that I would be there as a friend first and that I was not trying to replace their mother in any way. Even though their mother abandoned them, the children were not furious about the situation; had they been so, they would have been extremely reluctant to accept another mother in their life for fear of losing out on her as well. However, they took me in as a big sister or a friend first and slowly with time ha ve come to terms with the fact that I am to play the role of the mother in their lives. A stepmother has a wicked stereotype in today’s world, and even though it is easy for children to accept stepfathers today, being a stepmother is hard because of the immense number of stories that a child hears these days about bad stepmothers. Since both the daughters were at a young stage in their lives, scared and vulnerable with respect to their emotions and feelings, it was indeed very difficult for me to sort out my feelings with respect to them and adopt them as my own. For me as well, I wanted to give birth to children rather than to have them already blossoming into young girls, however today I have realised the importance of raising a child; it does not matter what the child’s age is but how the child responds to their parents and what kind of a human being the child has been shaped into by the parents, from whichever age onwards it might be. I was extremely scared to be r ejected by my daughters initially as well, however, with love from both sides, we were able to make each other’s understand that this change that was going to be taking place in all our lives would be a significant and successful one with lots of love and affection as well as understanding being delivered on a mutual basis. Today, I am extremely close to the children since my husband is in the military and thus we get to spend

Friday, January 31, 2020

Voting Behaviour Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Voting Behaviour - Case Study Example These are based on studies conducted by the Center for Research into Elections and Social Trends (CREST). This section will also deal with the changes in voting behaviour patterns that have been observed in Britain, and how changes in social and economic systems can impact voter behaviour. The next section will deal with the common theoretical frameworks used in the analysis of voting behaviour. Based on the discussions in the book, 'Political Choice in Britain' (2004), by Clarke, Sanders, Stewart and Whiteley, this part will deal with the traditional sociological framework, followed by the individual rationalist approach. Widening the scope of the individual rationalist approach, the focus will shift to what are termed valence politics models. In the next section, these models will be used to analyse the voting behaviour patterns in the 2001 and 2005 general elections. This section will also discuss the issues of voter apathy and the growing trend towards tactical voting. The paper will conclude with a discussion on the changing patterns of voter behaviour in Britain, and will also discuss how these can be very essential in predicting the outcome of future elections in Britain. A key factor influencing voter behaviour is social attitude. ... Discussing voting behaviour, the CREST studies note that the social class remains a key influence on how people vote. Curtice (2002) states that this is in line with Pulzer's famous words, "Class is the basis of British politics; all else is embellishment and detail". The studies also note that a voter's behaviour is not motivated by self-interest and that the media, especially newspapers, have little influence on the election results. The studies also note the emergence of tactical voting as a means of expressing preferences. Changes in social attitudes and voting behaviour are a result of changing social and economic conditions. In the 21st century, the common man in Britain does not enjoy the social and economic certainty and cohesion that characterized life in the 1950s. The employment position is less secure, and the society he/she lives in is more diverse. In modern Britain, class boundaries are more fluid, and the average citizen has access to several sources of information, and the right to make the appropriate social and economic choices. (Clarke, Sanders, Stewart and Whiteley,2004, pg.2) The socio-economic changes have had an impact on the political thinking of the citizens as well. The biggest impact has perhaps been on the attitude of the British citizens towards politics, especially in how they vote at the time of elections. To understand the changes in voting patterns, the models of voting behaviour need to be studied. Models of Voting Behaviour There are several theoretical frameworks that analyse voting behaviour in elections. The foremost among them is the sociological framework proposed by Butler and Stokes in 1969. This framework works on three levels. To begin with,

Thursday, January 23, 2020

Left Behind :: essays research papers

This book is about the Tribulation period that takes place after the Rapture of the church. It begins on an airplane; people suddenly disappear leaving nothing but their clothes, jewelry, etc. The airplane pilot, Rayford Steele, is the main character. Non-believers of Jesus Christ and his followers are terrified and frightened as they try to figure out what has happened to their loved ones. Rayford Steele is directed back to his airport. Flights across the world are grounded, due to the car accidents, sudden disappearances, and believe it or not, plane crashes. His wife and his son, in the earlier days had become very strong Christians. As he lands the 7-47, a thought crosses Rayford’s mind is my wife still here, are my kids okay, is my family still alive? Guilt came upon him, thus he was struggling with his marriage, and he thought about having an affair with his head stewardess, Hattie. Hattie befriends a young journalist on the plane and they try to make contacts with their families after the Rapture. They plan to keep in touch after the plane lands. After hours of confusion and turmoil passes, Rayford makes his way home. Only to find his wife and son missing, their clothes being the only piece of evidence left. When the dramatic feeling sets in, he contacts his daughter, Chloe, and right away she makes her way home. In desperate need of answers, Chloe and Rayford search for answers about these mysterious cases of disappearance. Suddenly, Rayford remember his wife talking about what the Christians called â€Å"The Rapture†, she was always bringing up how they would vanish from the face of the earth. Rayford took her for granted and forgot about it completely. Everything she said began to make more and more sense, so to find the rational explanations he needed to answer these prophecies, he picked up the Holy Bible. Rayford took the next step; he went to his wife's church to find Bruce, who was also too proud to accept a word the Christians had said before the Rapture. Bruce gives Rayford a video of explanation for the Rapture and Rayford studied it. In the tape, he learns that the Rapture is the event in where Jesus takes his followers, known as the Christians and brings them to heaven, where the Christians will receive eternal life. At the end of the video Rayford Steele then received the Lord God into his heart and became a Christian. Left Behind :: essays research papers This book is about the Tribulation period that takes place after the Rapture of the church. It begins on an airplane; people suddenly disappear leaving nothing but their clothes, jewelry, etc. The airplane pilot, Rayford Steele, is the main character. Non-believers of Jesus Christ and his followers are terrified and frightened as they try to figure out what has happened to their loved ones. Rayford Steele is directed back to his airport. Flights across the world are grounded, due to the car accidents, sudden disappearances, and believe it or not, plane crashes. His wife and his son, in the earlier days had become very strong Christians. As he lands the 7-47, a thought crosses Rayford’s mind is my wife still here, are my kids okay, is my family still alive? Guilt came upon him, thus he was struggling with his marriage, and he thought about having an affair with his head stewardess, Hattie. Hattie befriends a young journalist on the plane and they try to make contacts with their families after the Rapture. They plan to keep in touch after the plane lands. After hours of confusion and turmoil passes, Rayford makes his way home. Only to find his wife and son missing, their clothes being the only piece of evidence left. When the dramatic feeling sets in, he contacts his daughter, Chloe, and right away she makes her way home. In desperate need of answers, Chloe and Rayford search for answers about these mysterious cases of disappearance. Suddenly, Rayford remember his wife talking about what the Christians called â€Å"The Rapture†, she was always bringing up how they would vanish from the face of the earth. Rayford took her for granted and forgot about it completely. Everything she said began to make more and more sense, so to find the rational explanations he needed to answer these prophecies, he picked up the Holy Bible. Rayford took the next step; he went to his wife's church to find Bruce, who was also too proud to accept a word the Christians had said before the Rapture. Bruce gives Rayford a video of explanation for the Rapture and Rayford studied it. In the tape, he learns that the Rapture is the event in where Jesus takes his followers, known as the Christians and brings them to heaven, where the Christians will receive eternal life. At the end of the video Rayford Steele then received the Lord God into his heart and became a Christian.

Wednesday, January 15, 2020

Quebrals Reflections On Development Communication Education Essay

Upon reading Quebral ‘s Reflections on Development Communication ( 2002 ) , I stumbled upon the undermentioned lines: â€Å" Let us non bury development, allow us ne'er bury development. In development communicating, it remains the weightier of the two. † As a DevCom pupil who is about to step out of the university ‘supposedly ‘ equipped with all the cognition about development communicating, my immediate response to the statement above was to travel back to my ain experience all throughout my old ages with College of Development Communication ( CDC ) in University of the Philippines Los Banos ( UPLB ) . Afterwards, I felt the demand to cognize whether other senior pupils like me personally experienced and felt the weight of development in DevCom, which harmonizing to Quebral should be â€Å" weightier † as opposed to the communicating constituent – therefore, the birth of this research. Waisbord ( 2001 ) defined development communicating as â€Å" the application of communicating schemes and rules in the underdeveloped universe. † Harmonizing to Cagasan ( 2008 ) , this definition is based on the development theories that evolved through the old ages due to miss of advancement and betterment in the societal wellbeing of those populating in the post-war epoch. In relation to the persistent development jobs that paved manner to the alterations in the development idea and patterns of development communicating in general ( Ongkiko and Flor, 2003 ; Quebral, 2002 ) , there is the demand to continuously explore both the bing and emerging constructs of â€Å" development † in order to relieve these jobs. Quebral ( 2002 ) said that â€Å" communicating should follow where development leads. † Recognizing that the development constituent is the really nucleus of the development communicating subject calls for a deeper apprehension of how Development Communication pupils view â€Å" development. † This apprehension will be important in the function of the pupils as future development communicators. It is dry that cognizing how of import the development facet is in our DevCom work, there are really few surveies that explore the perceptual experiences DevCom pupils about development, all the more their experience on how the construct is emphasized in DevCom. The bing and emerging social jobs serve as the bases for the â€Å" substance of development † as discussed by Quebral ( 2002 ) . While development and communicating as separate constructs have their ain of import functions in the DevCom procedure, the development facet is found to be the weightier of the two. Development should order the sort of communicating needed to accomplish the ends of DevCom. However, development as a procedure and construct is of course germinating. The alterations in the development thought – from modernisation ( economic ) up to participatory ( critical ) – are accountable for the plurality of significances and understanding associated with the construct of development. Knowing this, it is interesting to cognize about the significances constructed by DevCom pupils sing the development construct and how they felt its importance through the full class of their undergrad DevCom experience. This survey was prompted by my personal inquiry as to whether what I have experienced in my three and a half old ages with CDC-UPLB truly emphasized the â€Å" weightier † importance of the development constituent. Different people have different experiences, experiences which are said to be socially constructed. Different experiences, in bend, consequence to different apprehension or reading of those experiences. This plurality is besides observed in DevCom pupils ‘ concepts of development and their experience in relation to the accent on this construct. This survey will be guided by Kelly ‘s Personal Construct Theory and its hermeneutical signifier, Social Constructionist Theory ( besides societal constructionism ) .Research ProblemThrough a heuristic-hermeneutic geographic expedition of selected DevCom pupils ‘ DevCom experience, this survey will try to reply: how do selected DevCom pupils â€Å" experience † the â€Å" weightier † development facet of DevCom in the BS Development Communication course of study? Specifically, this research will reply the followers: What are the concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils prior to exposure to DevCom classs? What are the present concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils? What are the specific experiences of selected senior DevCom pupils that influenced their meaning-making and apprehension of development? What are their sensed functions of development communicators based on their apprehension of development? What are the observations of selected DevCom pupils sing the preparation they received with regard to giving accent on the development facet of DevCom?Research AimsIn general, this research aims to follow how selected DevCom pupils â€Å" experience † the â€Å" weightier † development facet of DevCom in the BS Development Communication course of study by carry oning a heuristic-hermeneutic geographic expedition of their DevCom experience. Specifically it aims to: Identify the concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils prior to exposure to DevCom classs ; Identify the present concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils ; Determine the specific experiences of selected DevCom pupils that influenced their meaning-making and apprehension of development ; Determine selected DevCom pupils ‘ perceived functions of development communicators ; and Enumerate the observations of selected DevCom pupils sing the preparation they received with regard to giving accent on the development facet of DevCom.Significance of the StudyThe â€Å" I † position plays a large function in DevCom pattern since development communicators act as agents of alteration. This survey can lend in detecting how pupils understand and â€Å" experience † the construct of development which is believed to be the more of import constituent of DevCom and important in analyzing and practising development communicating. In add-on, this survey can make full in the spreads in understanding development as a construct and as the â€Å" weightier † constituent of DevCom, every bit good as the DevCom pattern in general. It can assist measure whether DEVC classs lead the pupils to the right path approximately development as a construct and the pattern of DevCom. Through the histories of the research worker and the selected senior DevCom pupils who participated in this survey, CDC-UPLB will hold the opportunity to take a glance of the DevCom experience of the college ‘s shortly to be â€Å" official merchandises † – the graduating pupils.Scope and Boundary linesThis survey is grounded merely on the premise that people with different concepts anticipate things in the same manner ( Kelly, 1963 ) . Craig ( 2002 ) , as cited in Cangao ( 2009 ) , said that one does non necessitate to hold a direct experience of what other people experienced in order to understand it. Alternatively, it can be assumed that what they have experienced resembles our ain. It is impossible to interview all the DevCom pupils ; therefore assorted purposive sampling was conducted. This is suited for surveies that merely necessitate a little part of a population to be studied. However, one disadvantage of this method is that there is no manner of cognizing whether the selected samples are representative of the population. Since this survey looks into the emic positions of the selected DevCom pupils sing their apprehension and existent â€Å" experience † of the weightier development facet, it can non be guaranteed that the same contemplations are true for the full population, sing the differences in their experiences. The term â€Å" DevCom experience † is besides used merely to mention to the journey taken by the selected senior pupils all throughout their old ages with CDC. This survey besides does non insinuate that DevCom should entirely set its attempts in stressing the development facet of DevCom ; for one, it is still a field of survey in Communication. However, the realisation of the â€Å" development as the weightier facet † – which ( based on my experience ) is frequently overlooked in some DEVC classs – should assist CDC realine its instructional precedences.Chapter IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREIn analyzing development communicating as a field, it is of import to understand its constituents to cognize how it works and whether its patterns are still aligned with its uttered ends. This literature reappraisal will supply a brief but comprehensive background about development communicating with the focal point on its development facet.The Evolving â€Å" Devel opment † Concept – the Core Ingredient of DevComDevelopment as a construct, as stated in different surveies, frequently takes a unidirectional way: â€Å" from a province of poorness to one of dynamic socio-economic growing † as stated by Quebral ( 2002 ) and it is frequently associated with the footings â€Å" betterment † ( Cagasan, et al. , 2008 ) and â€Å" positive † societal alteration or transmutation. In New Perspectives on Communication and Development ( 1976 ) , Everett Rogers defined the term development as â€Å" the purposeful alteration toward a sort of societal and economic system that a state decides it wants. † This is besides related to premise presented by Pratt ( 1993 ) wherein the writer stated that development revolves around the premise that bing and non-existing social constituents can order the â€Å" life criterions and the societal wellbeing desired by its people. † The thought of development may look really basic but it underwent a long history of development. A figure of surveies in DevCom traced the alterations in the development thought by sing the different theories that influenced the field. In discoursing the development of the development construct, Srampickal ( 2006 ) looked foremost into the modernisation theory by Lerner, Schramm, Pye, and Rogers in the 1950 ‘s and 1960 ‘s. This phase is similar to what Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) referred to as the First Development Decade which entails the economic position of development. During this phase, development was gauged through the states ‘ gross national merchandise ( GNP ) or the entire value of goods and services in a twelvemonth and their capableness to accommodate new engineerings. Harmonizing to Preston ( 1996 ) , modernisation is an American thought which became popular after the Second World War for its claim that all societies were heading towards industrialisation. This development theory claims that the less developed states can merely better by undergoing economic growing and behavioural alterations in people in footings of labour ( Kendall, 2008 ) . Kendall ( 2008 ) elaborated modernisation theory through the economic development phases framed by former U.S. President John F. Kennedy ‘s economic adviser, Walt W. Rostow:Traditional PhaseThis is to a great extent characterized by â€Å" fatalistic value system † or the traditional and cultural beliefs which delimits the people to accomplish societal and economic alteration. This is the phase wherein people lack motive to work because of their belief that poorness and economic want are inevitable.Take-off PhaseDuring this period, people begin to be more optimistic about accomplishing economic growing. Here, high-income states guide the low-income 1s towards the following phase of economic development.Technological AdulthoodThis phase is determined by a state ‘s technological betterment, new industries and acceptance of beliefs and values being demonstrated by high-income states.High Mass ConsumptionThis is the last phase of Rostow ‘s economic development wh erein the state eventually achieves the â€Å" high criterion of life. † Modernization paradigm and its focal point on transmittal theoretical account of communicating which was characterized by transmittal of information through mass media runs were greatly criticized for pretermiting the potencies of interpersonal communicating in the procedure. However, subsequently on, this peculiar unfavorable judgment has been realized and was incorporated in the theoretical account ( Inagaki, 2007 ) . In support to this dominant paradigm, Everett Rogers ( 1976 ) introduced the thought of diffusion of inventions which concerns a top-down attack in pass oning technological thoughts, which in the 1960 ‘s were focused on agribusiness and household planning methods. The difference between modernisation theory and diffusion theoretical account lies on emphasizing the importance of interpersonal communicating. The latter recognized the restrictions of mass media in impacting behavioural alterations which is considered an advantage of interpersonal communicating ( In agaki, 2007 ) . One of the criticisms modernisation theory had to face was its limited description of development utilizing the duality between traditional and modern, agricultural and industrial, rural and urban, etc. ( Preston, 1996 ) . Modernization theory besides failed in the facet that development is non merely mensurable through economic statistics ( Lagerwey, 2009 ) . Fair ( 1989 ) said that the dominant paradigm of the First Development Decade failed to see the other causes of underdevelopment aside from economic footings ( e.g. GNP, per capita income ) which includes the â€Å" instabilities and category contradictions † historically created in Third World Countries through colonisation. Ong ( 2009 ) argued that even the economic position of development involves beyond mere economic sciences. The writer named several other concerns of development: efficient societal organisation, improved societal constructions, peace and order, skilled labour force, effectual policymaking and execu tion, to call a few. While it is true that development is economic in nature, it does non purely halt at that place. Harmonizing to Tagle ( 2009 ) , development must besides hold its societal constituent wherein self-fulfillment and harnessing of human possible drama a really of import function. Towards the terminal of the 1960 ‘s, the alleged dependence theory emerged which realized that the modernisation attack merely made the Third World states to a great extent dependent on the First World states ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ; Srampickal 2006 ) .The unfavorable judgments on the economic position of development led to the birth of the humanistic position in the 1970 ‘s ( Second Development Decade ) . During this phase, the quality of life ( indicated by fulfilment of basic demands, employment, equality and instruction ) and adult male himself became the steps of development ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ) . On the other manus, the 1980 ‘s was labeled as the Third Development Decade. During this period, realignment and concentrate on development precedences set during the old phase were initiated. Concerns like â€Å" adult females in development ( WID ) , environment, societal dimensions, autochthonal peoples and sustainable development † were given accent ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Roman ( 2005 ) , sorting the construct of development into different paradigms can be both utile and deceptive. The writer pointed out that while development paradigms are helpful for differentiation intents, they besides tend to take communicating bookmans astray by: ( 1 ) giving the incorrect thought that these paradigms finally replace each other ; ( 2 ) the impression that the paradigms are bound to be sole ; and ( 3 ) the magniloquence of these paradigms tend to befog how they are applied in world. He besides emphasized the inclination of development communicators to lodge with one of these paradigms which accordingly consequences to restricting themselves â€Å" within a general model of what development is or should be. † The alterations in the development idea have a really important impact on the communicating constituent of DevCom. Eligio ( 2008 ) noted that â€Å" the displacement in development thought † consequences in â€Å" rethinking of communicating. † This is farther supported by Quebral in her Contemplations on Development Communication ( 2002 ) where she pointed out that since development is the weightier facet of DevCom, it is besides the finding factor of the content of communicating. Quebral farther emphasized that even though DevCom is seen as a subdivision of communicating in an academic position – as pupils are taught about communicating being the tool or scheme used to consequence positive alteration in the society – it must ever be clear that the construct of development is more of import. This constituent of DevCom is the 1 that sets it apart from other communicating subjects and the 1 that determines the DevCom end and message. Quebral stressed that à ¢â‚¬Å" communicating should follow where development leads. † Given this degree of importance in the field, it is, therefore, imperative to give focal point on the construct of development.The Communication-Development RelationshipDevelopment as a desired societal criterion is believed to be possible through communicating ( Pratt, 1993 ) . Gebner ( 1967 ) , as cited in Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) , merely defined communicating as â€Å" societal interaction through messages. † As an ever-changing procedure of reassigning messages and shared significances between and among members of society, communicating is said to take a really of import function in accomplishing the end of development. In different facets of life – societal, economic, religious, and political – development is believed to be impossible to take topographic point without the procedures of communicating ( e.g. information sharing, duologue, and knowledge exchange ) . Harmonizing to Wilkins an d Mody ( 2001 ) , the field of development communicating today has been re-conceptualized by the usage of modern engineerings and processes – in simple footings, the usage of communicating for social and single improvement. This besides enables communicating to link people in â€Å" participatory and shared-decision devising † ( Srampickal, 2006 ) . To understand DevCom, it is of import to understand development and communicating non merely as two separate constructs but besides as â€Å" spouses. † Majority of the literature that talks about development communicating defines the field as the usage of communicating to accomplish the end of societal alteration. However, Quebral ( 2002 ) pointed out that for the instance of DevCom at Los Banos, development communicating is non the same as â€Å" mediated communicating. † She reiterated the weightier importance of the development constituent in the field and that the ends of DevCom reflected in her definition – speedy transmutation, societal equity and fulfilment of human possible – are all refering to the â€Å" sort of development we are taking for. † Therefore, it is necessary to transfuse in the immature DevCom pupils the right â€Å" substance of development † in order for them to be applied in their pattern in the hereafter.Developmen t CommunicationThe being and return of different signifiers of social jobs gave birth to the field of development communicating ( DevCom ) . Harmonizing to Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) it is out of necessity – the demand to work out the social jobs, peculiarly in developing states – that development communicating came into the image. DevCom as a professional and scientific field in the Philippines had its foundation on agricultural communicating, but the realisation that the development-oriented issues are non merely present in agribusiness and rural jobs paved manner to the alterations in the subject ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ; Librero, 2008 ) . Today, the dominant position of DevCom worldwide involves both the societal and single degree: ( 1 ) positive societal alteration and ( 2 ) realisation of human potency which finally leads to human improvement ( Wilkins & A ; Mody, 2001 ; Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ) . This is reflected in the most normally used definition of DevCom, at least for the Los Banos School of Development Communication, given by Dr. Nora C. Quebral ( 1988 ) : â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the art and scientific discipline of human communicating applied to the rapid transmutation of a state and the mass of its people from poorness to a dynamic province of economic growing that makes possible greater societal equality and larger fulfilment of the human potency. † This definition of DevCom, every bit good as its accompanying pattern, has already evolved since she foremost coined the term in 1971. In 1999, Quebral changed the footings â€Å" speedy † to â€Å" planned † and â€Å" societal equality † to â€Å" equity † ( Eligio, 2008 ; Quebral, 2002 ) . This shows the trouble in set uping a individual and inactive definition of DevCom due to the altering micro- and macro- scenes that the field has been exposed to and the uninterrupted alteration both in development [ and ] communicating ideas in peculiar ( Quebral, 2002 ) . Therefore, it is critical to concentrate on the â€Å" many beds of significance † attached to DevCom ( Eligio, 2008 ) .Marginalization and the DevCom BiasWilkins ( 2000 ) defined development communicating as â€Å" the strategic application of communicating engineerings and procedures to advance societal alteration † . The DevCom enterprises expressed in this definition fundamentall y falls under the end of bettering the quality of life of those in the poorer countries of the universe ( Morris, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Waisbord ( 2001 ) , the historical factors that influenced development were founded on the embedded premise that the sort of development that developed states should be replicated by developing states. Although, this modernisation theory is believed to hold â€Å" passed † in the 1980 ‘s, Eligio ( 2008 ) still inquiries this passing of the dominant paradigm. In their treatment of development construct, Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) presented foremost the societal jobs that must be addressed by development communicating. These social jobs are the 1s nowadays in the Third World states: poorness, unemployment, high population growing, inequality, malnutrition, and the likes of it. In relation to these social jobs, Quebral ( 2002 ) commented: â€Å" From clip to clip, an old job is dusted off and given a new or broad angle, as in nutrient production or generative wellness alternatively of household planning. Poverty, nevertheless, stays – starkly – as poorness. It has proved to be stubborn, many-rooted job withstanding one-dimensional solutions. † The development of development positions is non without matching alterations in attack. New constructs of development have emerged in recent surveies on development communicating. This includes accent on people mobilisation, authorization, and engagement ( Cagasan et al. , 2008 ) . However, the writer argued that development should travel beyond the basic demands: â€Å" poorness is no longer the exclusive account for underdevelopment. † The construct of marginalisation emerged and this involves issues of human rights, spiritualty, morality, and other well-being concerns of adult male. Therefore, marginalized people are non merely those who are missing in footings of economic position. While the positions and attacks have changed, the nucleus societal jobs related to underdevelopment stay the same. Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) said that DevCom â€Å" purposes to learn the hapless to better his life. † The writer besides stressed the function of DevCom in assisting people fulfill the lower order of Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs – a theory of motive which claims that human demands can be arranged harmonizing to their importance ( Figure 1 ) . It can hence be assumed that development communicating has a prejudice towards the marginalized sectors since they are the direct donees of DevCom projects.5th Self-Actualization and fulfilment4th Esteem and StatusHigher Order3rd Belonging and societal demandsLower Order2nd Safety and Security1st Basic Physical NeedsFigure 1. Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003, p. 165 )The alterations in development communicating throughout the old ages led to realisations of implicit in concerns sing p ower and construction ( Wilkins & A ; Mody, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to White ( 2004 ) , power in the field of communicating prioritizes the individualities and resources of different societal groups. Wilkins ( 2000 ) emphasized the demand to do alterations in the field of DevCom by locating â€Å" its discourse and pattern within contexts of power. † This focal point on power, along with the end of impacting positive alteration, is portion of the critical attack to DevCom. Quebral ( 2002 ) noted the different values which are all brought about by the paradigm displacements in the development idea. These values include engagement, struggle declaration, sustainability, and gender equality. One good illustration of this critical chase in DevCom is the survey conducted by Cadiz in 1994 that looked into the function of engagement in the development procedure. Eglio ( 2008 ) said that Cadiz took a â€Å" critical instead thanaˆÂ ¦ positive position of societal world † and that Cadiz ‘ survey showed that DevCom is a â€Å" communicating scientific discipline that addresses the societal worlds of the hapless. † In her effort to emphasize the DevCom ‘s displacement from positive position to a critical base, Quebral ( 1993 ) wrote: â€Å" Critical theoryaˆÂ ¦takes a more philosophical oppugning stance towards cardinal societal inquiries. Sing the communicating procedure as inseparable from society ‘s societal and cultural constructions, it sets as end the self-emancipation of people from domination ; hence its involvement in the Reconstruction of society. † Servaes ( 1999 ) , as cited in White ( 2004 ) , established the demand to get down development enterprises at grass-roots degree of communities. White ( 2004 ) explained Servaes ‘ thought by indicating out that the escape of societal motions from hierarchal construction by set uping their ain systems of communicating and organisation chiefly defines the development procedure.Plurality of Worlds and Concepts of DevelopmentMultiple worlds have influence on manner development communicators construe the construct of development. Harmonizing to Fetterman ( 1998 ) , the certification of multiple worlds in a specific field is â€Å" important to an apprehension of why people think and act in the different ways they do. † In analyzing societal jobs, which in the instance of this survey is important in understanding different significances of â€Å" development † , Holsti ( as cited in Moran, 1993 ) can be quoted: â€Å" We need constructs of what is, what is of import, what is desirable, and what is related to what are likely to be at the nucleus of the political procedure that societal, psychological, economic, or whatever procedure is to be studied. † This thought of Holsti is related to the construct of world that is personally constructed by an person. Moran ( 1993 ) said that personal building is ever the â€Å" mention point † for finding similarities and differences between/among constructs under survey. In the instance of University of the Philippines – College of Development Communication, the survey conducted by Cagasan et. al. , ( 2008 ) documented the assorted concepts of development that have emerged in module and pupil research surveies of CDC-UPLB from 1972 to 2004. The writers of the survey noted the â€Å" series of substitutions † that the construct of development has gone through in the instance of CDC-UPLB module and pupils who experience different worlds, given the diverse scenes and backgrounds, non to advert their personal prejudices. The survey participants were asked about their personal definitions of development, perceived significance of development based on DevCom pattern, their ain beliefs on what manifest development and significances of development based on their personal experience. Cagasan et. Al. ( 2008 ) presented three major subjects of development as consequences of the survey:Development as bettermentThis concept of development emerged from the grim influence of the modernisation paradigm. Development is viewed here as â€Å" betterment. †Development as a endThe altering multiplicity of significances of the development construct can be attributed to its nature of being a long-time end. Its subtheme involves the construct of â€Å" alteration. †Development as a procedureThe thought reflected in this concept is that development itself is a procedure. This most recent position of development involves the constructs of â€Å" authorization, engagement, autonomy, inaugural and societal investing. † Cagasan ‘s survey showed that the plurality in worlds can convey in multiple concepts of development. In the same manner, it is interesting to cognize how this plurality besides affects the manner immature DevCom pupils construe the construct of development.College of Development CommunicationThe College of Development Communication ( CDC ) website described the DevCom household as â€Å" [ a ] closely knit household of persons equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, and values to move as accelerators for societal alteration. † It is known as the 9th college of University of the Philippines Los Banos and considered to be the innovator in DevCom both as a field of pattern and field of survey in the universe. CDC started as the Office of Extension and Publications under the so UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) in 1954 and evolved several times until it was elevated into a college in 1998. The College introduces and trains undergraduate and graduate pupils in â€Å" procedures and constructions of communicating with accent on those that promote equity, authorization, environmental sustainability, and peace and human rights † ( Communication for Social Change Consortium, 2010 ) . The College ‘s vision and mission besides emphasize the end of sustainable development and betterment of quality of life the Philippines and other developing states. The Bachelor of Science in Development Communication plan requires pupils to finish 148 units which include the nucleus classs of DevCom, general instruction classs ( GE ) , every bit good as proficient and societal scientific discipline electives ( CDC-UPLB, 2004 ) . Since this survey will look into the experiences of the selected senior DevCom pupils, the wining subdivisions will advert the nucleus classs of the BSDC plan ( see Appendix A ) .Theoretical ModelThis survey falls under the phenomenological tradition of communicating which focuses on â€Å" depicting lived experience and acknowledging the significance of our corporal, inter-subjective life-world † ( Finlay, 2008 ) . Communicators influenced by this tradition take the emic position or a ‘view from the interior ‘ in looking at the mundane life of an person ( Griffin, 2008 ) . In this survey, the construct of meaning-making, every bit good as lived and shared experiences of the selected senior DevCom pupils in relation to their constructed significances of the development construct were explored. In the context of the â€Å" weightier † development facet in DevCom, experiences of the participants will state a batch specifically on how this construct is being emphasized in DevCom classs. Social constructionist theory ( besides societal constructionism ) , the hermeneutical signifier of constructivism, will be used to depict these experiences of the research worker ( heuristics ) and of the other selected participants ( hermeneutics ) .Personal Construct TheoryKelly ‘s PCT is besides called â€Å" theory of alteration † ( Rix, 1982 ) . Harmonizing to Neimeyer and Bridges ( 2004 ) , the focal point of personal concept theory ( PCT ) is on how persons and societal groups â€Å" organize and alter their positions of ego and universe. † By and large, an single positions the universe through forms which he/she creates to suit their worlds. These forms are called concepts ( Kelly, 1963 ) . Kelly ‘s thought of personal concept theory was derived in this earlier thought of â€Å" constructive alternativism. † Under this belief, adult male ‘s buildings of world depend on how adult male will construe the events and things around him which accordingly forms his ain positions of the ego and the universe. Kelly presupposes that adult male is a scientist – the 1 who invents his ain world and trial it. Man has the duty to foretell and command the class of events. As cited by Carl ( 1999 ) Kelly explained the function of adult male as a scientist: â€Å" The scientist does non keep up his or her theoretical proposal to be judged so much in footings of whether it is the truth at last or non — for the scientist assumes from the beginning that ultimate truth is non so readily at manus — but to be judged in footings of whether his or her proposition seems to take toward and give manner to fresh propositions ; propositions which, in bend, possibly more true than anything else has been therefore far. † Interpretation, anticipation and response in relation to personal experiences are possible through analysis of concepts ( Mahoney & A ; Mahoney, 2004 ) . Kelly ( 1963 ) established the thought that concepts are â€Å" representation of the universeaˆÂ ¦erected by a life animal and so tested against the world of that existence. † This implies that people do non merely move in response to external universe but he/she besides has the power to construe its events and behave harmonizing to them. PCT looks at people as animals that have the capableness to form their perceptual experiences or beliefs based on repeating subjects and significances ( Neimeyer & A ; Bridges, 2004 ) . Therefore, it can be construed from this that people have their ain readings of worlds depending on how they see the universe from their personal positions. This is a clear representation of Mahoney ‘s ( 1988 ) â€Å" proactive knowledge † which he considered to be one of the basicss of con structivism. Kelly ( 1963 ) besides introduced the construct of constructive alternativism wherein people have the power to ‘reconstruct ‘ his/her belief systems if they no longer suit him/her. For illustration, in the instance of this survey, even though pupils have been exposed to assorted significances of the construct of development during their first twelvemonth as DevCom pupils which may hold helped them set up a peculiar concept of it, they can do ‘alternative buildings ‘ based on their personal experiences. This farther explains the multiplicity of significances since the manner people construe the universe is affected by changing personal experiences.Constructivism and the Construction of ExperienceThe modern-day constructivist argument presents the statement between â€Å" cognition as innovation and cognition as contemplation of world † ( see Figure 2 ) ( Chiari & A ; Nuzzo, 1993 ) . This besides answers the inquiry: What is existent? and Does an external world exist? Littlejohn ( 1999 ) , as cited in Cangao ( 2009 ) , explains that constructivism looks into human readings and actions based on â€Å" classs of the head. † This implies that people ‘s procedure of making significances is done by â€Å" sorting experience into classs † which in bend are socially constructed and based on interaction with other people ( as cited in Cangao, 2009 ) . Constructivism is concerned with an single interpretation his/her world ; this is every bit opposed to the statement that people are representation of a socially-constructed world as said by societal constructionism ( Chiari & A ; Nuzzo, 2004 ) . Maturana ( 1978 ) , as cited in Chiari and Nuzzo ( 1993 ) , defined world as a â€Å" sphere specified by the operations of the perceiver. † The perceiver referred to by the writer is person who can â€Å" do differentiations in actions and ideas † while being able to work as a separate entity from his or her environment. In order to understand how personal concepts in relation to their ain constructs of world can be interpreted, Ewen ( 1992 ) enumerated Kelly ‘s colloraries aligned with the Fundamental Postulate [ â€Å" The psychological procedures that comprise our personality are of course active, and are molded into customary forms by the ways in which we anticipate the hereafter † ( Ewen, 1992, pp. 347 ) ] :Question Knowledge as Knowledge/realityrelationship asDoes an external world exist? INVENTION COINCIDENCE IdealismnoDoes it be independently of the perceiver? yes SPECIFICATION STRUCTURAL hermeneutic no Yoke yes Constructivism Is it possible to cognize it? Construction ADAPTATION group as VIABILITYyesIs it a lucifer between cognition and world possible?REPRESENTATION ADAPTATION trivial no as SYMMETRY critical RealismyesREFLECTION naifFigure 2. Wayss of gestating Knowledge-Reality relationship ( Chiari & A ; Nuzzo, 1993 )Construction Corollary: Peoples interpret events based on similarities and differences Individuality Corollary: Each person has his/her ain reading of events or world Organization Corollary: The usage of hierarchies — which besides vary among persons – in forming personal concepts Dichotomy Corollary: Every concept has two poles Choice Corollary: The inclination to value the pole of bipolar concept that allows more accurate anticipation of events Range Corollary: Concepts are believed to be merely utile in foretelling limited types of events Experience Corollary: System of building to a great extent relies on experiences and the desire to better in foretelling events Modulation Corollary: There are concepts that limit the alteration of the system based on what is convenient to them Atomization Corollary: An person can utilize the contradicting facets of personal concepts at different times Commonality Corollary: Different people can hold similar ways of interpreting things Sociality Corollary: An apprehension of how one interprets/views the universe is needed in order for a individual to associate to another individual. Boeree ( 2006 ) explained that by â€Å" procedures † in the cardinal posit, Kelly means that people ‘s experiences, behaviours, perceptual experiences and emotions are non caused by a preexistent world but by the unconditioned single desire and capableness to expect or construe the universe. For this research the Experience Corollary was considered. Kelly ( 1963 ) defined experience as the procedure of how an single continuously ‘reconstrues ‘ replicated events. The writer pointed out that experience corollary has a direct impact on our perceptual experience of acquisition. He noted that the credence of the phenomenon wherein a individual invariably concept or construe replicated events assumes the happening of the acquisition procedure. It can be said that â€Å" the experience and Reconstruction of that experience is synonymous with larning † ( Rix, 1982 ) .Social Constructionism ( Hermeneutic Constructivism )Harmonizing to Burr ( 2003 ) , societal constructionism embraces the being of many-sided versions of world as experienced by societal existences. Self and world are said to be human buildings. However, the manner humans construe what is existent for them – how they think and how they act on their ideas – is besides socially constru cted ( Collin, 1997 ; Raskin, 2002 ) . Simply put, we are societal existences who portion and see the universe with others ( Lock & A ; Strong, 2010 ) . For this research, hermeneutic contructivism, specifically Gergen ‘s societal constructionism, was applied to analyze the lived and shared experiences of selected DevCom pupils. This signifier of constructivism conceptualizes human psychological science as â€Å" ensemble of societal dealingss † ( Parker, 1998 ) and that there is no observer-independent world ( Raskin, 2002 ) . The analytical model used in this survey was adopted and modified from Pilon ‘s ( 2009 ) Heuristic-Hermeneutic Procedure in the Socio-cultural Learning Niches. Figure 3 shows that the procedure is composed of four phases: ( 1 ) prepossession, ( 2 ) reading, ( 3 ) apprehension, and ( 4 ) account. Based on the literature, this procedure is considered â€Å" participatory, experiential, and reflexive. †Analytic ModelInterpretation2( Experiences in larning contexts )Understanding31PreconceptionResearch worker+OTHERS( Insight, empathy, accomplishments, intuition ) ( Prior experiences, values, cognition )Explanation4( Revision, deeper understanding )Figure 3. The heuristic- hermeneutic procedure of the DevCom ExperiencePreconception was characterized by the selected senior DevCom pupils ‘ apprehension of development prior to exposure to DevCom classs. Interpretation was determined by their specific experiences in the class of their undergrad DevCom life, peculiarly the experiences refering to the accent on the â€Å" weightier † development facet in DevCom. Subsequently, apprehension is determined by how they acted on what they have learned in DevCom and how they developed their accomplishments and practiced critical thought. Last, account was characterized by their â€Å" deeper understanding † of the construct of development and their observations on how the development construct should be instilled as the much more of import constituent of DevCom.